What is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects women of reproductive age. It occurs when the ovaries produce excess androgens (male hormones), disrupting ovulation. This imbalance leads to irregular or missed periods, multiple small ovarian cysts, and challenges with fertility. But PCOS is more than just a reproductive disorder — it also affects metabolism, mood, and long-term health.
PCOS on the Rise: The Numbers
PCOS is increasingly being diagnosed in younger women, particularly in urban areas. Some key statistics:
Over 10% of women of reproductive age are estimated to have PCOS globally in 2025.
A 2024 study in Delhi-NCR found 17.4% of women aged 18–25 have PCOS — twice the national average of 8.4%.
WHO estimates show 4%–20% prevalence, depending on population and diagnostic criteria.
In India, the range is 3.7% to 22.5%, and the prevalence is 36% higher among teenage girls.
Alarmingly, 70% of women with PCOS go undiagnosed, risking late detection and long-term complications.
Why the Spike? – Lifestyle and Stress
Modern lifestyle changes are fueling the PCOS epidemic. Key drivers include:
Sedentary behavior: Increased screen time and reduced physical activity impact insulin and hormone regulation.
Processed foods & sugar intake: Poor diets rich in refined carbs and fats contribute to weight gain and insulin resistance.
Urban stress: Chronic stress elevates cortisol, disrupting the hormonal axis responsible for ovulation.
Irregular sleep patterns: Night shifts and poor sleep hygiene impair hormonal rhythms, worsening symptoms.
Environmental toxins: Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (from plastics, cosmetics) may influence PCOS onset.
PCOS is More Than Periods
While missed or irregular periods are a common sign, PCOS is a multi-system disorder. It can lead to:
Type 2 diabetes: Due to insulin resistance.
Hypertension & cholesterol imbalance: Raising the risk of heart disease.
Sleep apnea and fatigue: Common in overweight women with PCOS.
Depression and anxiety: Hormonal shifts and body image issues contribute to mental health struggles.
Infertility and pregnancy complications.
Increased risk of endometrial cancer, due to unopposed estrogen from anovulatory cycles.
PCOS isn’t just a short-term issue — it demands long-term health planning.
How to Recognize the Signs
Early identification can improve outcomes. Watch for:
Menstrual irregularities: Cycles longer than 35 days, skipped periods.
Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism): Especially on the chin, chest, or back.
Persistent acne, especially on the lower face and jawline.
Weight gain or inability to lose weight despite healthy habits.
Thinning scalp hair and dark skin patches (acanthosis nigricans).
Mood swings or anxiety.
If two or more of these signs persist, it’s time to consult a doctor.
India’s Response: Policies and Awareness
India has started addressing PCOS through public health and community programs:
National Health Mission (NHM): Focuses on screening adolescent girls for PCOS signs during school health visits.
Adolescent Health Programs: Promote menstrual health, nutrition, and reproductive awareness for girls aged 10–19.
State-level initiatives (e.g., NHM-UP): Conduct awareness sessions in schools on PCOS and hygiene.
The PCOS Society of India: Runs campaigns during PCOS Awareness Month, offering free check-ups and webinars.
However, broader integration into school curriculums and primary care is still needed.
Your Next Steps to Manage PCOS
PCOS can’t be “cured” — but it can be effectively managed. Key strategies include:
Adopt a low-GI, high-fiber diet to stabilize insulin and reduce inflammation.
Exercise regularly — at least 30 minutes, 5 times a week — to improve ovulation and metabolic health.
Stress management through yoga, breathing exercises, and therapy.
Sleep regulation — aim for 7–8 hours of quality sleep.
Track your cycles and symptoms — apps can help.
Consult a gynecologist or endocrinologist for hormonal assessment and ultrasound if symptoms persist.
Seek mental health support — mood disorders are common but treatable.
Even 5–10% weight loss can restore ovulation and improve fertility in many cases.
Early Action, Lifelong Benefits
PCOS doesn’t have to dictate your future. Early diagnosis and small, consistent lifestyle changes can drastically reduce long-term health risks. Open conversations, regular screening, and informed choices can make all the difference.
“Every girl should know the signs. Every doctor should ask the right questions. Every woman deserves early diagnosis.”